Objective A causal relationship between Urate and renal impairment including decreased glomerular filtration rate function, abnormal serum urea nitrogen levels, and elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio is investigated based on Mendelian randomization. Methods Based on the Genome-wide association data of urate and renal function impairment diseases, the mononucleotide polymorphism loci between the two traits were found, and the parameters P<5×10-08, linkage imbalance r2=0.001, and genetic region width of 10000 kb were set. Five Mendelian randomization methods, including inverse variance weighting method, MR-Egger regression method, weighted median method, simple model-based estimation and model-based weighted estimation, were used to conduct Mendelian randomization analysis, and were verified and analyzed by heterogeneity test, horizontal pleotropy test and one by one elimination sensitivity test. Results After removing confounding factors, 78 instrumental variables related to urate were selected. Inverse variance weighted results showed that there was a causal relationship between urate and glomerular filtration rate (OR=0.971, 95%CI: 0.954-0.988). As urate level increased in the body, glomerular filtration rate function decreased. There was no causal relationship between urate and blood urea nitrogen levels and increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (OR=1.025, 95%CI: 1.011-1.040) (OR=1.000, 95%CI: 0.968-1.034). Conclusions Using Mendelian randomization to exclude confounding factors, the results showed that urate was causally and negatively correlated with the function of glomerular filtration rate, and that urate was clinically associated with blood urea nitrogen levels and elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, but not causally.The results of this study are of great significance for early screening of renal injury, delaying the development of the disease and improving the long-term prognosis of patients.